Calendering

Calendering is a mechanical finishing process that passes fabric between heavy heated rollers under high pressure, compressing the structure and creating a smooth, polished surface. This ancient technique remains essential for achieving the lustrous appearance prized in linings, curtains, and premium bedding.

The process offers considerable flexibility through its adjustable parameters. Temperature ranges from ambient to 200°C depending on fiber content and desired effect. Pressure varies from 10 to 100 tons based on the fabric weight and finish intensity required. Speed typically runs 10-100 meters per minute, with slower speeds producing more pronounced effects. Multiple passes intensify the finish, and roller composition—steel, paper, or cotton-covered—influences the final surface character.

Different calendering techniques produce distinct results. Simple calendering smooths the surface and closes the fabric structure. Friction calendering, where rollers turn at different speeds, creates high-gloss finishes approaching a glazed appearance. Embossing calendering uses engraved rollers to impart patterns and textures. Schreiner calendering employs finely engraved rollers to produce the subtle luster associated with silk-like fabrics.

The effects achieved include increased surface luster, smoother hand feel, reduced fabric thickness, a more closed structure that improves opacity, and enhanced overall appearance. These improvements come with trade-offs—calendered finishes may relax somewhat after washing, and the process can reduce fabric breathability by closing the structure.

Lining fabrics, curtain materials, bedding, and industrial fabrics are the primary applications. Calendering often complements softener finish treatments, with softening applied first to improve hand feel before calendering adds surface polish.